SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Make Electricity from fruits

Introduction:
This project is one of the most famous electricity projects that can be performed successfully by most students in the age of 10 to 16. It helps students to learn about producing electrical energy using chemical energy. Since the same method is used to get energy from many fruits and chemicals, this project has many names. Following are some of the other names or titles for this project:

Fruit power or fruit battery
Convert Chemical energy to electrical energy
Potato battery or Lemon battery

Procedure:
Making electricity from chemicals is based on the same scientific principles on which all modern batteries work. You insert copper and zinc electrodes in an acidic liquid and produce some electricity from the chemical reaction between your electrodes and electrolyte.

The electricity produced in this way can be displayed with a multi-meter that can show millivolts. It may also be able to produce enough electricity to get light. If you want to run or light up a device you must consider the voltage and current requirements of that device. Picture in the right shows 3 potato batteries connected in series so together they will produce enough voltage to light up a super bright LED type light source.

Making electricity experiment can be used for many different science projects. Following are some additional research that you can perform in relation to making electricity from fruits and chemicals.

1. Experiment to see which fruits can produce electricity.	4. Replace electrodes of your kit with other metals such as coins, nails to see which other metals can be used as electrodes.
2. Experiment to see which fruit juices can produce electricity	5. Test to see if such electrodes can light up a bulb.
3. Experiment to see which other liquids such as detergents and drinks can produce electricity.	6. If you have access to a multi meter, check to see how many volts electricity is being produced by fruits.

Material and equipment: Material and equipment that you need for this project are:

Copper Electrode
Zinc Electrode
Multi-meter capable of measuring low voltages
Flashlight light bulb 1.2 Volts
Screw Base or socket for light bulb
Wires
Alligator clips
Board for mounting the base and the bulb (optional)

Make a battery that works with air and saltwater

Introduction: We all know that the world is now facing an energy crisis and everyone is trying to do something about that. Now you can show everyone that electrical energy or electricity can be made from air and saltwater. After all, both the air and the saltwater are freely available everywhere. These are the two things that we have plenty of them.

This may seem impossible. I could not believe it myself the first time that I heard about it. It almost sounds like a magic trick. Finally, I decided to test it anyway.
I tried different concentrations of salt water, different temperatures, and different electrodes and had no success. It took me a few months thinking about it until I solved the problem in my mind and decided to repeat my tests again. This time everything worked fine and I was able to make enough electricity to light up a small light bulb.

The concept is easy. The same way that you burn wood and make heat energy, you should be able to burn metals and get electricity (or electrical energy). The difference is that you are not really burning any thing; instead, you are producing a condition for oxidization which by itself is the same as slow burning. So what you really do is oxidizing iron in saltwater using the oxygen from the air or any other source. (At least, that’s my theory at this time)
I don’t know if this method of producing electricity is economical and cost effective. What I know is that it is worth to try. If with one cup of salt water and some metals I was able to light up a small light bulb, maybe you can light up the entire building by a tank of salt water and a few hundred pounds of scrap metal.
No mater what is the results, I am proud that I can make an emergency battery for myself if I need it.
It took me a long time to make the first working battery using the salt water; however, you don’t have to waste that much time. I have combined the results of all my experiments and made a recipe for success. Just follow the instructions and you will get results in the first try.

Actually there are many different combinations of many different materials that can produce some electricity. Experimenting with saltwater and air is suggested for the younger students because these are relatively safer material.

List of materials:

This is the minimum list of material you need for your experiment.

Miniature light bulb (low voltage, low current)
Miniature base for light bulb
Pair of insulated solid copper wire AWG=20
Pair of alligator clips
Magnesium Electrodes
Iron Electrodes
A cup of saltwater (not in the picture)
Screws for the miniature base.

Save time and money. Order a kit now.

Additional optional materials you may use:

A wooden board to mount the miniature base (light holder)
Plastic container about 4" x 4" x 4"
Hydrogen Peroxide

What is a good title for my project? You can call it "Air battery", "Salt water battery", "electricity from air" or "electricity from the salt water".

Procedure:

Remove the plastic insulation of about one inch from both ends of the wires.
Loosen the screw on both contacts of the bulb holder. Place one end of the red wire under one screw, make a loop and then tighten the screw. Place one end of the black wire under the other screw, make a loop and then tighten the screw.
Pass the open end of the red wire through the arm of the red alligator clip and secure it under the screw.
Pass the open end of the black wire through the arm of the black alligator clip and secure it under the screw.
Screw the light bulb on the miniature base.
Connect the red alligator clip to the iron electrode and secure it on one side of the plastic container or the cup.
Connect the black alligator clip to the magnesium electrode and secure it on the opposite side of the container. (You may need to hold them by hand or use a small tape to hold them in place on the side of the container.
In another pitcher, prepare some strong, warm salt water. Add enough salt so at the end some salt will be left at the bottom of the pitcher.
Transfer the salt water from the pitcher to the container.
At this time, if all the connections are secure and the electrodes are large enough, you should get a light.

How can I get more light?

Make sure your electrodes are not touching each other.
Make sure there is nothing blocking the space between the electrodes.
Make sure that the alligator clips are not touching the salt water.
Both electrodes must have the maximum possible surface contact with salt water.

The test tube electrodes (magnesium electrodes in test tubes) are formed like a spring. This provides the largest possible surface contact. For Iron electrode you may use steel wool. Steel wool has a very large surface contact. A steel screen may work as well.
You may notice that you will get more light if you stir the solution or if you remove the iron electrode and insert it back again. Such actions provide oxygen to the surface of the iron.
Note: Steel is about 98% iron.

The oxygen in the air may not be enough for your demonstration and you may get a dim light. In this case you may add some oxygen (in the form of hydrogen peroxide) to the salt water. That should immediately increase the light.

A cup is relatively small. If you have access to a larger container, you will get a better result. In a larger container, it is easier to secure the electrodes in two opposite sides so they will not touch each other.

Electric Generator

Wooden Generator

Making an electric generator is a good way of learning the principles of generators. It also is an exciting science project.
As a display project, you just need to make it and demonstrate its structure. As an experimental project, you need to come up with questions about the factors that may affect the rate of production of electricity.

Question: If you want to do this as an experimental project, following are some suggested questions:

How does the speed of turning affect the production of electricity?
How does the diameter of coil affect the production of electricity?
How does the number of loops of wire in the coil affect the production of electricity?
How does the wire gage (diameter of coil-wire) affect the electric current?
How do the material used in the construction of an electric generator affect the production of electricity?

Amou
Hypothesis:
Depending on the question that you select, you may predict an answer. That is called your hypothesis.
Dependent and Independent Variables
The factor that you are testing is your independent variable. For example the speed of turning and diameter of wire are samples of independent variables. The rate of production of electricity is the dependent variable.
Material:
Following are the material that you need in order to construct a wooden electric generator.

Wood dowel 3/8" diameter
Wood Dowel 1" diameter.
Rod magnet 3" long
Insulated copper wire
1.2 Volt Screw Base light Bulb
Base for the light bulb
Small sand paper
Wood Glue
1/2 Square foot Balsa wood (1/8" diameter)

Preparation:
If you are buying a kit, all the wooden parts are included and they are already cut to the size. So you just need to connect them. If you don't have a kit, prepare the wooden parts as follows:

Cut two square pieces from the balsa wood (3.5" x 3.5").
Make a 3/8" hole in the center of each square.
Cut four 1" x 3 7/16.
Cut a 3/4" piece from the 1" wood dowel. Make a 3/8" hole in the center of it. Insert a 6" long 3/8" wood dowel in the hole, apply some glue. center it and wait for it to dry.
Make another hole with the diameter of your rod magnet in the center of the larger wood dowel piece for the magnet to go through.

Wood dowels after completing the step 4

Wood dowels after completing the step 5

The picture on the right shows samples of wood dowels formed as a magnet holder rotor. They are included in the wooden generator kits; however, you can also order them separately. (Check the price and availability)

Adult supervision and professional help is required for all cuttings and hole makings.
Procedure: (If you buy a kit, make sure to read the procedure suggested in your kit)

Insert the magnet in the hole of the wood dowel. Center it and use some glue to secure it.
Use one large square balsa wood and four smaller rectangular balsa woods to make a box.
Insert your wood dowel into the hole in the center of the box. At this time the magnet is inside the box.
Place the other large square to complete the box. Apply some glue to the edges and wait for the glue to dry. By now, you have a box and inside the box you have a magnet that can spin when you spin the wood dowel.
Wrap the copper wire around the box and use masking tape to secure it. Note that more copper wire around the box results more electricity.
Remove the insulation from the ends of the wire and connect it to the screws of the bulb holder or base.
Insert the light bulb
Spin the wood dowel fast to get the light.

Do Cooked Beans Grow?

Cooked Beans Experiment

Problem:
How can we speed up the growth of a plant? The Goal of this experiment is to find out if heat and cooking will reduce or increase the growth of a plant.

Research:
There are many farms and agriculture centers all over the world today. They all plant raw seeds, which result to all the vegetables, and fruit we eat as food. Yet, when beans are cooked for a few minutes, they may become more fertile because they have already absorbed some water. Heat from cooking may destroy many harmful bacteria resulting in healthier plants also. It may also quicken up the process since it is getting rid of all unwanted material from the crop. To complete this project and to benefit from it, we must do accurate measures and have correct information.

Hypothesis:
When you boil a food, it will get rid of most bacteria and unwanted material. This means that if you cook the beans before planting them, it may speed up the process since there isn’t many bacteria and such material to hold back the process of plant growth. In this case, the beans that are cooked more should grow better when planted then that less cooked or not cooked at all.

Material:
For this experiment, we used lentil beans.

Procedure:
First, we took half a pound of beans and put them in a pot that was 1/3 filled up with water. We took 7 petri dishes and labeled them with letters A-G. We also cut out paper towels just to fit the bottom of the petri dishes. Next, we took a spoon full of beans and put them in sample dish A. This is the sample that isn’t cooked at all. Next, start turn on the stove so the water starts to boil. After that, we waited five minutes and then took another spoon full of beans and put them in sample dish B. This is that sample that is cooked for five minutes. We waited till the ten minute mark and once again took a spoon full of beans and put them in sample dish C. This is the sample that is boiled for ten minutes. At the fifteen-minute mark, we took a spoon full of beans like before and put them in sample Dish D. This is the sample dish that is cooked for fifteen minutes. We waited another five minutes and took a spoon full of beans and put them in sample dish E. This is the sample that is cooked for twenty minutes. We waited another five minutes and put a spoon full of beans in sample dish F. This is the sample that is cooked for twenty-five minutes. Lastly, at the thirty-minute mark, we took a spoon full of beans and put them in sample dish G. This is the sample that is boiled for thirty minutes. Next you take 7 moist paper towels and lay them on top of the samples to keep them moist. You must lay them next to a window in order for them to receive sunlight. Lastly, you must water them daily to keep them moist for 4-5 days and wait for results.

What foods contains starch?

Starch Test

Introduction:
Starch is a high calorie food that converts to sugar during the digestion process. This creates a concern for people who are observing a low calorie diet. Because of this, you may want to test different foods and fruits to determine if they contain starch and estimate their relative starch contents.

State the Problem:
What foods or vegetables contain starch?
Research the Problem:
Before we start, we need to know more about starch. Studies show that starch is white, odorless, tasteless carbohydrate powder soluble in cold water. This information will help us extract starch from our samples for more accurate tests. If we have any colorful fruit or vegetables for test, we can eliminate the chance of mixed colors and inaccurate tests. Starch also plays a vital role in the biochemistry of both plants and animals. It is made in green plants by photosynthesis, and is one of the main forms in which plants store food. Animals obtain starch from plants and store it as glycogen. Both plants and animals convert starch to glucose when energy is needed. Commercially, starch is made chiefly from corn and potatoes.
Hypothesis:
Starch is a substance in most fruits and vegetables, which means that it is most likely in the vegetable and fruit samples. Since starch is an inexpensive and widely available food product, it is being used as a food additive in many food products.
Experiment:
In order to perform this project, we must use Iodine solution as a reagent for starch. One drop of this solution on any sample can detect starch by changing the color of the tested area to dark blue.
We will be using the following samples:

Fruits and Vegetables	Food Products
Rice	Milk
Potatoes	Yogurt
Grains	Ice Cream
Apples	Macaroni
Carrots	Nuts
Broccoli	Cereal

Procedure: We crush the wet samples, add cold or room temperature water and filter the solution to get a clear liquid. Next, test the samples of the clear liquid for starch and record the result.
Materials Used:
We used iodine solution, transfer pipettes, test tubes, petri-dishes, filter paper (coffee filter) and known starch samples.
Analyze Data:
Report which of the foods or fruits you tested contain starch. Can you also say which one has more starch?
Materials in a kit: Starch test science kit has everything you need in order to detect and identify starch in different fruits, vegetables, objects around you and more. This kit includes:

Iodine solution
5 test tubes
3 plastic transfer pipettes
one Petri dish
Starch paper
Non-starch paper
Starch peanuts
Cornstarch
Online project guide with different project ideas and step by step instructions on most of them.

You may also use this kit to see and demonstrate the effect of enzymes in breaking the starch molecules down to sugar.

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

Research:
Plants need several things to live. They take water from the ground through their roots. They also take a gas called carbon dioxide from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar which plants use as food for energy and as building blocks for growing. The way plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar is called photosynthesis. A chemical called chlorophyll helps make photosynthesis happen. Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green color. During winter, there is not enough light or water for photosynthesis. The trees will rest, and live off the food they stored during the summer. They stop making food so the green chlorophyll disappears from the leaves. As the bright green fades away, we begin to see yellow and orange colors. Small amounts of these colors have been in the leaves all along. We just can't see them in the summer, because the green chlorophyll covers them up. This is the reason leaves change color in the fall.
Hypothesis:
Since leaves do not have the materials they need to survive in the winter and fall, their leaves die and lose the green color.
Experiment:
"Separate the colors of a green leaf using chromatography"

Materials needed

leaves, small jars
covers for jars or aluminum foil or plastic wrap
rubbing alcohol,
Cotton paper (absorbent cellulose paper).
shallow pan, hot tap water, tape, pen
plastic knife or spoon, clock or timer.

Procedure:

Collect 2-3 large leaves all from different trees. Cut the leaves into very small pieces and put them into small jars labeled with the name or location of the tree.
Add enough rubbing alcohol to each jar to cover the leaves. Using a plastic knife or spoon, carefully chop and grind the leaves in the alcohol.
Cover the jars very loosely with lids or plastic wrap or aluminum foil. Place the jars carefully into a shallow tray containing 1 inch of hot tap water.
Keep the jars in the water for at least a half-hour, longer if needed, until the alcohol has become colored (the darker the better). Twirl each jar gently about every five minutes. Replace the hot water if it cools off.
Cut a long thin strip of filter paper for each of the jars and label it.
Remove jars from water and uncover. Place a strip of filter paper into each jar so that one end is in the alcohol. Bend the other end over the top of the jar and secure it with tape.
The alcohol will travel up the paper, bringing the colors with it. After 30-90 minutes (or longer), the colors will travel different distances up the paper as the alcohol evaporates. You should be able to see different shades of green, and possibly some yellow, orange or red, depending on the type of leaf.
Remove the strips of paper, let them dry and then tape them to a piece of plain paper.
Make your final observation of the filter paper strips to draw a conclusion.

Make Electricity from fruits

Fruit power or fruit battery
Convert Chemical energy to electrical energy
Potato battery or Lemon battery

Making electricity experiment can be used for many different science projects. Following are some additional research that you can perform in relation to making electricity from fruits and chemicals.

1. Experiment to see which fruits can produce electricity.	4. Replace electrodes of your kit with other metals such as coins, nails to see which other metals can be used as electrodes.
2. Experiment to see which fruit juices can produce electricity	5. Test to see if such electrodes can light up a bulb.
3. Experiment to see which other liquids such as detergents and drinks can produce electricity.	6. If you have access to a multi meter, check to see how many volts electricity is being produced by fruits.

Material and equipment: Material and equipment that you need for this project are:

Copper Electrode
Zinc Electrode
Multi-meter capable of measuring low voltages
Flashlight light bulb 1.2 Volts
Screw Base or socket for light bulb
Wires
Alligator clips
Board for mounting the base and the bulb (optional)

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